Mission to Mars

  ALSO BY THIS AUTHOR

  Return to Earth

  Men from Earth

  Encounter with Tiber

  The Return

  Magnificent Desolation

  FOR CHILDREN

  Reaching for the Moon

  Look to the Stars

  Published by the National Geographic Society

  1145 17th Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036

  Copyright © 2013 Buzz Aldrin Enterprises, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction of the whole or any part of the contents without written permission from the publisher is prohibited.

  eISBN: 978-1-4262-1018-1

  Library of Congress Preassigned Control Number: 2012953599

  The National Geographic Society is one of the world’s largest nonprofit scientific and educational organizations. Founded in 1888 to “increase and diffuse geographic knowledge,” the Society’s mission is to inspire people to care about the planet. It reaches more than 400 million people worldwide each month through its official journal, National Geographic, and other magazines; National Geographic Channel; television documentaries; music; radio; films; books; DVDs; maps; exhibitions; live events; school publishing programs; interactive media; and merchandise. National Geographic has funded more than 10,000 scientific research, conservation and exploration projects and supports an education program promoting geographic literacy.

  For more information, visit www.nationalgeographic.com.

  National Geographic Society

  1145 17th Street N.W.

  Washington, D.C. 20036-4688 U.S.A.

  For rights or permissions inquiries, please contact National Geographic Books Subsidiary Rights: ngbookrights@ngs.org

  13/QGF-LPH/1

  v3.1

  CONTENTS

  Cover

  Other Books by This Author

  Title Page

  Copyright

  Foreword by Andrew Aldrin

  CHAPTER ONE

  The View From Air Force One

  CHAPTER TWO

  Time for Decision-making: Call for a Unified Space Vision

  CHAPTER THREE

  Your Space: Building the Business Case

  CHAPTER FOUR

  Dreams of My Moon

  CHAPTER FIVE

  Voyage to Armageddon

  CHAPTER SIX

  The March to Mars

  CHAPTER SEVEN

  Homesteading the Red Planet

  CHAPTER EIGHT

  The Clarion Call

  Appendix

  Illustration Credits

  Andrew Aldrin and his father, Buzz Aldrin, 2012

  (Illustration Credit fm1.1)

  FOREWORD

  BY ANDREW ALDRIN

  This book represents a journey of its own. It began the moment my father set foot back on Earth. Since that time he has been constantly thinking about how people from Earth will inhabit another planet. What you will read is a vision of the extension of humanity to Mars, to be sure. But the strength of my father’s vision is the pathway as much as it is the planet. It is about the journey as much as the destination.

  I was there for most of it. I remember some of it.

  My earliest recollections are probably of me sitting around the kitchen table looking at these fantastic models of space planes, and understanding almost nothing about the space shuttle that was going to be the next generation of spacecraft intended to fly people into orbit. There was an impassioned discussion—well, more of a monologue—regarding early designs for a space shuttle system that had a piloted flyback booster for the first stage and why we needed to separate crew from cargo. That is about all I remember. I was 11 and had nothing to contribute, except for a willing ear.

  And that is the way it went for the first 20 years or so of our conversations about space travel. I listened, and I learned, while my dad talked about space.

  Some of these conversations involved the great thinkers of our time. When my dad came up with an idea, he would seek out the people who were doing the most creative thinking at the moment. They would usually pick up the phone when he called. At one point he began to look critically at the design of the space station. The structure just didn’t seem efficient. I recall that he became enamored with geodesic structures, so he naturally called on Buckminster Fuller. Now that was an amazing set of conversations. At the time it seemed like competing soliloquies. But I began to see many more of Bucky’s ideas creep into the design.

  And it is not just the well known and famous who captured my father’s attention.

  If anyone had an idea that fit in my dad’s vision of the future, he would go and talk to them. Often he became the tireless advocate for their ideas. He was building an architecture of systems. If someone had an element that fit in his structure, he wanted to use it.

  You will see a lot of other people’s elements in the pages of this book. But the system, in the broadest sense possible, is truly his own.

  All of the pieces fit together. That may be the real virtue of this book. There are hundreds, probably thousands, of people who have talked with my father, read his articles, heard his speeches, and watched him on TV. Each of them contributed a snippet to Dad’s overall vision. Sometimes the snippets seemed impossibly disjointed. There was just so much he was trying to articulate, and so little time in one conversation, speech, or interview.

  But I recall one conversation with Brent Sherwood, a space architect now at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, who really does see the big picture. My dad had an incomprehensibly complex diagram of how humans could get from where they were to Mars. Reasonably intelligent people could disagree over many of the points in the diagram. And they did. But afterward Brent told me that, despite his technical differences, “it all hangs together.” And he went on to say that Buzz may be the only person who has all of the pieces to the puzzle.

  This book is the first time my father has attempted to put the entire puzzle together in one place.

  My dad has spent a great deal of time conversing about space with many people. This book is a continuation of that tradition. The basis of these chapters began with the 40 years of publications, interviews, and presentations my dad has made. Many of these have been carefully collected by the people who work closely with my dad. A special mention should be made of the work Christina Korp and Rob Varnas have done in collecting and organizing the considerable library of my father’s works.

  But the real heart of this book is a series of conversations between my dad, Leonard David, and me over the better part of 2012, all dedicated to the writing of this book. These conversations have been wide ranging, incredibly insightful, entertaining, frustrating, enlightening, and hopelessly disorganized. It is a testament to Leonard’s perseverance that he has been able to organize the discussions into an entirely coherent manuscript which, I believe, offers the clearest, most comprehensive account of my father’s views on spaceflight.

  The book begins with a brief account of my father’s flight on Air Force One on the day that U.S. President Barack Obama made his only major speech on space. My dad was more than just a passenger that day. For the past year he had been working tirelessly, refining concepts for space exploration programs, making speeches on space exploration, testifying before space commissions and Congress. My proudest moment was watching his speech at the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum on the 40th anniversary of the moon landing. That speech laid out succinctly his vision for the future of human space development and exploration.

  This book serves to further that vision.

  Space exploration has never been a purely technical enterprise for my father. While the lessons of Apollo are legion, none has made a greater impression on him than the power of the commitment of an American President. John F. Kennedy’s s
peech declaring a clear and compelling goal for space exploration forever changed the course of human history. So, in any conversation with him about the long-term future of human exploration, you will inevitably find yourself discussing space in terms of four-year electoral cycles. Much as you must have a progression of technical development, my father recognizes that there must be a progression of political decisions, supported by sound policy analyses.

  In the second chapter, he calls for a recommitment to U.S. space leadership via his Unified Space Vision. To support this, he would like to see the formation of a permanent senior executive, nongovernmental advisory group he calls the United Strategic Space Enterprise.

  A long time before it became fashionable, my dad was an unstinting advocate for private space travel. In large part this is because he recognizes the importance of creating large, sustainable markets for launches in order to bring down the costs of a single mission. Also, it is because he believes that participation will be the best way of generating broad public interest in an ambitious space program. In chapter 3 you will read how commercial passenger travel should drive the requirements for reusable Earth-to-orbit transportation systems. Another theme that will come out in this chapter is the importance of utilizing existing systems and infrastructure.

  Whether it was taking existing launch vehicles and using them as the basis for reusable flyback boosters, or taking the technology developed by the Soviet Union and United States for smaller, more efficient shuttle-like vehicles, or using existing launch vehicles instead of developing new systems with low flight rates, my dad has always used the technology of today to serve as the basis for revolutionary new systems.

  Chapter 4 considers the return to the moon. As strange as it may sound, for the 40 years my dad and I have been talking about space, there have been relatively few times that we have talked about the moon. Been there, done that. The moon seemed a distraction from the real goal—Mars. But over the past several years the moon has come back as a critical element in his thinking. It is the place where the transition from development to exploration takes place. The focus of U.S. policy should be on establishing the transportation, infrastructure, and habitation systems around the moon to enable commercial and international development of the moon. The focus of exploration should be on getting to Mars.

  In 2008 my dad began to formulate the idea of using missions to near-Earth asteroids as early precursors to Mars missions. This is the focus of chapter 5. I am sure that he was not the first person to consider these missions, but when he combined asteroid missions with the lunar strategy as noted previously, and Phobos as a waypoint to Mars, he created the foundations of the Flexible Path architecture. This approach was later recommended by the Obama-established Augustine Committee as an affordable, progressive path to human exploration.

  A key element to the Flexible Path was the concept of landing—docking, really—at Phobos, one of two Mars moons, before proceeding to putting humans on the red planet. I have to admit the logic of this was not immediately obvious to me. Why do you go 99.999 percent of the distance to Mars without completing the mission? Chapter 6 focuses on how a stop at Phobos creates the basis for a more permanent presence on Mars by allowing astronauts to teleoperate the systems that piece together the infrastructure necessary to sustain human habitation of the planet.

  My father has done a great many things in his life. The entire world respects and admires him for participating in the first human spaceflight to the moon. But from what I see, for him, innovative technical concepts matter more: developing key elements of the rendezvous approaches that were critical to the success of early human spaceflight missions; revolutionizing extravehicular training through underwater exercises—these were some of his contributions to human spaceflight that really made a difference. But the idea of cycling spacecraft between planetary objects may be the idea of which my father is the most proud. I think we have been discussing cycling ships for more than 20 years, whether they were between Earth and its moon or the much more technically challenging task of cycling between Earth and Mars.

  In chapter 7 my father discusses how we can create a sustainable transportation system to ferry people, supplies, and equipment to Mars by utilizing a large host spacecraft on a trajectory constantly traveling between Earth and Mars at regular intervals. This system of cyclers establishes the foundation for the permanent human inhabitation of Mars.

  Over the 40 years of conversations about space, I really can’t remember a single time that my dad talked to me about his trip to the moon. Sure, there were brief words here and there, but the conversation was always about the future. He cares about where we are going as a civilization, not where we have been. In chapter 8 he concludes with a discussion about what it will take to get us to Mars. His vision is not just about the technical or programmatic elements, it is about the political and social underpinnings necessary to reinvigorate the nation’s commitment to the human exploration and development of space. He looks to 2019, the 50th anniversary of his historic landing on the moon, as the date on which the American President will make a commitment to establish a permanent human presence on Mars.

  That is the clarion call of this book.

  Buzz Aldrin on the moon, July 1969

  (Illustration Credit fm1.2)

  CHAPTER ONE

  THE VIEW FROM AIR FORCE ONE

  It was April 15, 2010, when I stepped off Air Force One, one of several guests invited to travel with U.S. President Barack Obama to the John F. Kennedy Space Center at Merritt Island, Florida. I had some inkling that he was going to push the reset button on the U.S. space program.

  As he began a formal address, President Obama was kind enough to recognize me among those gathered. It was certainly ego lifting to hear him say: “Four decades ago, Buzz became a legend. But in the four decades since he’s also been one of America’s leading visionaries and authorities on human spaceflight.” Welcomed words, but I patiently awaited the punch lines of his speech.

  “Now, I understand that some believe that we should attempt a return to the surface of the Moon first, as previously planned,” the President said. “But I just have to say pretty bluntly here … we’ve been there before. Buzz has been there. There’s a lot more of space to explore, and a lot more to learn when we do.”

  Obama then called for a series of increasingly demanding targets, made feasible by advancing our technological capacity with each progressive step forward.

  “Early in the next decade, a set of crewed flights will test and prove the systems required for exploration beyond low Earth orbit. And by 2025, we expect new spacecraft designed for long journeys to allow us to begin the first-ever crewed missions beyond the Moon into deep space. So, we’ll start … we’ll start by sending astronauts to an asteroid for the first time in history. By the mid-2030s, I believe we can send humans to orbit Mars and return them safely to Earth. And a landing on Mars will follow. And I expect to be around to see it,” the President explained, greeted by bursts of applause throughout the rollout of his prospective missions.

  President Obama’s rejection of the previous space plan—the Vision for Space Exploration—announced by President George W. Bush in January 2004, was in motion. That Bush space agenda spurred NASA to orchestrate the Constellation Program, one that involved development of two booster vehicles: Ares I and Ares V. Ares I would boost crews into orbit. The Ares V heavy-lift launcher would hurl other hardware into space. Along with these two boosters, the Constellation Program called for a set of other spacecraft to be built, including the Orion crew capsule, an Earth departure stage, and the Altair lunar lander.

  Coupled with the retirement of the space shuttle program in 2010, the Bush proposal would establish an extended human presence on the moon and begin a “sustainable course of long-term exploration.”

  President Obama and Buzz Aldrin together in Florida for the President’s space policy speech, April 2010

  (Illustration Credit 1.1)

  As Presid
ent Obama took the stage, America’s civil space program had been aimed at returning astronauts to the moon by 2020. Also, that Bush plan called for cultivating the technologies that would support human expeditions to Mars, our ultimate destination in space.

  Still, I was always worried about a phrase Bush used: a mission to Mars. My view: You’re not going to sell a mission to Mars.

  In the long run, two things happened along the way following President Bush’s outlining of his Vision for Space Exploration. First, Bush failed to fully fund the program, as he had initially promised. As a result, each year the development of the rockets and spacecraft called for in the plan slipped further and further behind. Second, and most important, NASA virtually eliminated the technology development effort for advanced space systems. Equally as bad, NASA also raided the Earth and space science budgets in the struggle to keep the program then named Project Constellation on track. Even that effort fell short. To keep the focus on the return to the moon, NASA pretty much abandoned all hope of preparing for Mars exploration with humans.

  Obama’s dismissal of the Bush Vision for Space Exploration was fortified by the earlier findings of a panel of space experts, which concluded that the Constellation Program could not be executed without very substantial increases in funding. That panel was headed up by my friend Norm Augustine, past head of Lockheed Martin and a former government official. Augustine’s team had received testimony and presentations from across the space community, including mine in 2009, as to how NASA should shape its future. In the end, the Augustine Committee observed that the path established by Bush was not sustainable, and President Obama agreed. Augustine and I both zeroed in on the truth that the Bush vision was unattainable and the country needed something else.